Inhibitors of epoxide hydrolases for the treatment of hypertension

ABSTRACT

The invention provides compounds that inhibit epoxide hydrolase in therapeutic applications for treating hypertension. A preferred class of compounds for practicing the invention have the structure shown by Formula 1 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein Z is oxygen or sulfur, W is carbon phosphorous or sulfur, X and Y is each independently nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and X can further be carbon, at least one of R 1 -R 4  is hydrogen, R 2  is hydrogen when X is nitrogen but is not present when X is sulfur or oxygen, R 4  is hydrogen when Y is nitrogen but is not present when Y is sulfur or oxygen, R 1  and R 3  is each independently C 1 -C 20  substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, acyl, or heterocyclic.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.10/694,641, filed Oct. 27, 2003, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 10/328,495, filed Dec. 23, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No.6,693,130, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.09/721,261, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,506, which is a continuation in partof U.S. application Ser. No. 09/252,148, filed Feb. 18, 1999, now U.S.Pat. No. 6,150,415. The disclosures of all of these applications areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSOREDRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with Government support under Grant Nos.HL053994, ES002710, and ES004699, awarded by the National Institutes ofHealth. The Government has certain rights in this invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention generally relates to methods of treatinghypertension using inhibitors of epoxide hydrolases. Preferredinhibitors include compounds, such as ureas, amides, and carbamates thatcan interact with the enzyme catalytic site and mimic transientintermediates. Other useful inhibitors include glycodiols and chalconeoxides which can interact with the enzyme as irreversible inhibitors.

2. Background of the Invention

Hypertension is the most common risk factor for cardiovascular disease,the leading cause of death in many developed countries. Essentialhypertension, the most common form of hypertension, is usually definedas high blood pressure in which secondary causes such as renovasculardisease, renal failure, pheochromocytoma, aldosteronism, or other causesare not present (for a discussion of the definition and etiology ofessential hypertension see, Carretero and Oparil Circulation 101:329-335(2000) and Carretero, O. A. and S. Oparil Circulation 101:446-453 (2000)

A combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to thedevelopment of hypertension and its successful treatment is limited by arelatively small number of therapeutic targets for blood pressureregulation. Renal cytochrome P450 (CYP) eicosanoids have potent effectson vascular tone and tubular ion and water transport and have beenimplicated in the control of blood pressure (Makita et al. FASEB J10:1456-1463 (1996)). The major products of CYP-catalyzed arachidonicacid metabolism are regio- and stereoisomeric epoxyeicosatrienoic acids(EETs) and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). 20-HETE producespotent vasoconstriction by inhibition of the opening of alarge-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channel leading toarteriole vascular smooth muscle depolarization (Zou et al. Am J.Physiol. 270:R228-237 (1996)). In contrast, the EETs have vasodilatoryproperties associated with an increased open-state probability of acalcium-activated potassium channel and hyperpolarization of thevascular smooth muscle and are recognized as putative endothelialderived hyperpolarizing factors (Campbell et al. Cir. Res. 78:415-423(1996)). Hydrolysis of the EETs to the correspondingdihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs) is catalyzed largely by solubleepoxide hydrolase (sEH) (Zeldin et al. J. Biol. Chem. 268:6402-64-07(1993)).

Recent studies have indicated that renal CYP-mediated 20-HETE and EETformation are altered in genetic rat models of hypertension and thatmodulation of these enzyme activities is associated with correspondingchanges in blood pressure (Omata et al. Am J Physiol 262:F8-16 (1992);Makita et al. J Clin Invest 94:2414-2420 (1994); Kroetz et al. MolPharmacol 52:362-372 (1997); Su, P. et al., Am J Physiol 275, R426-438(1998)). Modulation of the CYP pathways of arachidonic acid metabolismas a means to regulate eicosanoid levels is limited by multiple isoformscontributing to a single reaction and the general lack of selectivity ofmost characterized inhibitors and inducers. Similarly, modulating EETlevels by regulation of their hydrolysis to the less active diols hasnot been considered in light of concerns that EETs are involved in manyphysiological processes. (Campbell, Trends Pharmacol Sci 21:125-7(2000)).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods of treating hypertension byadministering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of aninhibitor of epoxide hydrolase. A preferred class of compounds forpractice in accordance with the invention has the structure shown byFormula 1.

wherein Z is oxygen or sulfur, W is carbon phosphorous or sulfur, X andY is each independently nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and X can furtherbe carbon, at least one of R₁-R₄ is hydrogen, R₂ is hydrogen when X isnitrogen but is not present when X is sulfur or oxygen, R₄ is hydrogenwhen Y is nitrogen but is not present when Y is sulfur or oxygen, R₁ andR₃ are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, acyl, or heterocyclic.

Preferred compounds of the invention have an IC₅₀ (inhibition potencyor, by definition, the concentration of inhibitor which reduces enzymeactivity by 50%) of less than about 500 μM. Exemplary compounds of theinvention are listed in Table 1. The Table shows inhibition ofrecombinant mouse sEH (MsEH) and Human sEH (HsEH). The enzymeconcentrations were 0.13 and 0.26 micromolar respectively

TABLE 1 Inhibition of MsEH (0.13 μM) and HsEH (0.26 μM) Mouse sEH HumansEH Structure inhibitors nb IC₅₀ (μM)* IC₅₀ (μM)*

72 0.11 ± 0.01 0.48 ± 0.01

248 0.33 ± 0.05 2.9 ± 0.6

42 0.06 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01

224 0.99 ± 0.02 0.32 ± 0.08

225 0.84 ± 0.10 1.05 ± 0.03

276 1.1 ± 0.1 0.34 ± 0.02

277 0.12 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.02

460 0.10 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.01

110 0.21 ± 0.01 0.35 ± 0.01

259 0.45 ± 0.09 0.10 ± 0.02

260 6.06 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

261 0.08 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01

262 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.02

263 3.0 ± 0.3 0.33 ± 0.06

255 0.48 ± 0.07 2.88 ± 0.04

514 0.27 ± 0.01

515 0.19 ± 0.05

187 0.05 ± 0.01 0.42 ± 0.03

374 0.25 ± 0.01 2.03 ± 0.07

381 0.06 ± 0.01 0.68 ± 0.03

0.25 ± 0.02 0.47 ± 0.01

189 0.80 ± 0.03 1.0 ± 0.2

375 0.18 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01

157 0.85 ± 0.01 1.43 ± 0.03

143 1.0 ± 0.1 0.57 ± 0.01

178 0.31 ± 0.01 0.25 ± 0.01

380 0.73 ± 0.03 0.68 ± 0.03

125 0.09 ± 0.01 0.72 ± 0.02

183 1.06 ± 0.07 5.9 ± 0.3

175 0.24 ± 0.01

181 0.52 ± 0.02 1.71 ± 0.23

168 0.06 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01

151 2.29 ± 0.03 0.58 ± 0.01

170 0.12 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.01

429 0.38 ± 0.04 1.7 ± 0.4

153 0.06 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

148 0.21 ± 0.01 0.61 ± 0.02

172 0.12 ± 0.01 0.30 ± 0.01

556 0.20 ± 0.02 0.74 ± 0.07

478 0.05 ± 0.01 0.26 ± 0.02

562 0.5 ± 0.1 15 ± 3 

531 0.14 ± 0.02 0.64 ± 0.03

504 0.8 ± 0.1 23 ± 4 

479 0.60 ± 0.06 5.0 ± 0.1

103 0.12 ± 0.01 2.2 ± 0.1

347 0.07 ± 0.01 3.10 ± 0.07

124 0.05 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01

509 0.06 ± 0.01 0.92 ± 0.08

286 0.11 ± 0.03 0.07 ± 0.02

344 0.05 ± 0.01 2.50 ± 0.08

508 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

473 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

297 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

425 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

354 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10± 0.01

477 0.11 ± 0.01 0.24 ± 0.01

23 0.10 ± 0.01 1.69 ± 0.05

0.09 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.01

538 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

551 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

57 0.06 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.01

360 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

359 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

461 0.42 ± 0.01 0.55 ± 0.02

533 0.05 ± 0.1  0.10 ± 0.01

463 0.90 ± 0.07 8.3 ± 0.4

377 0.7 ± 0.1 17.8 ± 0.7 

428 0.05 ± 0.1  0.10 ± 0.01

22 0.05 ± 0.1  0.10 ± 0.01

58 0.05 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01

119 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

543 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

192 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

427 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

358 0.05 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.04

21 0.76 ± 0.02 1.39 ± 0.02

435 0.05 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.01

270 0.05 ± 0.01 1.9 ± 0.1

544 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

545 0.05 ± 0.01 3.7 ± 0.3

437 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

176 0.06 ± 0.01 0.53 ± 0.03

36 0.06 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.02

104 0.04 ± 0.01 0.29 ± 0.01

105 0.05 ± 0.01 0.58 ± 0.03

100 0.07 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01

188 0.73 ± 0.08 2.50 ± 0.03

434 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

59 0.85 ± 0.02 0.48 ± 0.01

559 0.08 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01

169 0.06 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01

140 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

108 0.13 ± 0.01 0.17 ± 0.01

67 0.71 ± 0.04 0.23 ± 0.01

384 0.05 ± 0.01 1.0 ± 0.2

343 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

118 0.06 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

126 0.06 ± 0.01 0.27 ± 0.02

66 0.09 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01

180 0.06 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

75 0.06 ± 0.01 0.23 ± 0.01

501 0.05 ± 0:01 0.16 ± 0.01

60 0.78 ± 0.02 0.43 ± 0.02

20 0.19 ± 0.02 0.40 ± 0.05

193 0.05 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.01

361 0.07 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.02

44 0.07 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.01

179 0.06 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

65 0.17 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01

53 0.07 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01

385 0.17 ± 0.02 2.2 ± 0.1

379 0.05 ± 0.01 1.5 ± 0.1

362 0.05 ± 0.01 1.5 ± 0.1

38 0.17 ± 0.01 0.36 ± 0.02

341 2.3 ± 0.3 4.3 ± 0.4

128 0.79 ± 0.08 11.1 ± 0.8 

411 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

412 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

413 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

438 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10± 0.01

430 0.21 ± 0.02 0.55 ± 0.03

470 0.59 ± 0.08 7.6 ± 0.1

471 0.25 ± 0.03 2.2 ± 0.1

159 0.59 ± 0.03 3.40 ± 0.04

156 0.20 ± 0.01 0.48 ± 0.01

287 0.09 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01

167 0.39 ± 0.02 3.77 ± 0.03

0.36 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01

299 0.7 0.1 0.26 0.02

253 0.10 ± 0.02 0.28 ± 0.01

283 0.7 ± 0.2 1.12 ± 0.03

257 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.04

A second preferred class of compounds for practice in accordance withthe invention has the structure shown by Formula 2,

wherein R is alkyl or aryl, the compound is trans- across the epoxidering, OX is a carbonyl (═O) or hydroxy group (OH) and R′ is a H, alkylor aryl group. The preparation of these compounds is described in U.S.Pat. No. 5,955,496 and in WO98/06261.

Exemplary compounds are shown in Table 2, below.

TABLE 2 Inhibition of MsEH (0.13 μM) and HsEH (0.26 μM)

Mouse sEH Human sEH R R′ X—Y Abs. Conf. IC₅₀ (μM)* IC₅₀ (μM)* C₆H₅ C₆H₅C═O ± 2.9 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.1 C₆H₅ C₆H₅ CH—OH ± 12.6 ± 0.9  22 ± 2  C₆H₅C₆H₅ C═NOH ± 3.5 ± 0.5 0.29 ± 0.01 C₆H₅ C₆H₅ S═O ± 2.3 ± 0.4 0.31 ± 0.02C₆H₅ C₆H₅ CH—OCH₃ ± 103 ± 5  34 ± 1  4-F—C₆H₄ C₆H₅ C═O ± 1.3 ± 0.3 0.3 ±0.1 4-F—C₆H₄ C₆H₅ CH—OH ± 72 ± 16 18 ± 2  4-C₆H₅—C₆H₄ C₆H₅ C═O ± 0.14 ±0.01 0.20 ± 0.01 4-C₆H₅—C₆H₄ C₆H₅ CH—OH ± 0.51 ± 0.04 0.72 ± 0.034-C₆H₅—C₆H₄ C₆H₅ C═NOH ± 42 ± 3  35 ± 1  4-C₆H₅—C₆H₄ C₆H₅ S═O ± 73 ± 5 70± 3  4-C₆H₅—C₆H₄ C₆H₅ CH—OCH₃ ± 0.48 ± 0.05 1.36 ± 0.07 C₁₀H₇ C₆H₅ C═O± 0.49 ± 0.02 0.85 ± 0.06 4-C₆H₅—C₆H₄ 4-CH₃—C₆H₄ C═O ± 0.10 ± 0.01 0.19± 0.03 4-C₆H₅—C₆H₄ 4-CH₃—C₆H₄ CH—OH ± 0.09 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.02 4-NO₂—C₆H₄CH₃ C═O ± 163 ± 11  269 ± 5  4-NO₂—C₆H₄ CH₃ CH—OH ± 6.5 ± 0.2 39 ± 1 C₆H₅ H CH—OH R,R 1100 ± 23  C₆H₅ H CH—OH S,S 2400 ± 46  4-NO₂—C₆H₄ HCH—OH ± 5 ± 1 4-NO₂—C₆H₄ H CH—OH R,R 1200 ± 25  4-NO₂—C₆H₄ H CH—OH S,S1.6 ± 0.6 Abs. Conf.: Absolute configuration

The enzymes of interest for this invention typically are able todistinguish enantiomers. Thus, in choosing an inhibitor for use for anapplication in accordance with the invention it is preferred to screendifferent optical isomers of the inhibitor with the selected enzyme byroutine assays so as to choose a better optical isomer, if appropriate,for the particular application. The pharmacophores described here can beused to deliver a reactive functionality to the catalytic site. Thesecould include alkylating agents such as halogens or epoxides or Michaelacceptors which will react with thiols and amines. These reactivefunctionalities also can be used to deliver fluorescent or affinitylabels to the enzyme active site for enzyme detection.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 and 2 show that renal microsomal DHET formation is increased inthe SHR relative to the WKY and this is due to increased renal EEThydrolysis. The NADPH-dependent formation of 11,12-DHET (FIG. 1A),8,9-DHET (FIG. 1B) and 14,15-DHET (FIG. 1C) was measured in incubationsof WKY (◯) and SHR () renal microsomes with [¹⁴C]-arachidonic acid(FIG. 1) or [¹⁴C]-regioisomeric EETs (FIG. 2). Values are the mean±SEfrom three to six animals of a given age and strain (FIG. 1) or means oftwo separate animals (FIG. 2). Significant differences between WKY andSHR samples at a given age are indicated (p<0.05). The hydrolysis of allof the major EETs was increased in the SHR kidney.

FIG. 3 shows that sEH expression is increased in the SHR kidney relativeto the WKY kidney and that DHET urinary excretion is also increased inthe SHR. (A) Microsomal proteins from WKY (W) and SHR(S) renal cortexwere separated on a 8% SDS-polyacrylamide gel, transferred tonitrocellulose, and blotted with antisera against rat mEH (top panel) ormouse sEH (bottom panel). The age of the rats is indicated on the top ofthe blot. (B) Microsomal (top panel) and cytosolic (bottom panel)proteins from WKY (W) and SHR(S) cortex, outer medulla and liver wereseparated and transferred as described above and blotted with antiseraagainst mouse sEH. A renal cortex sample from a Sprague-Dawley (SD) ratand a purified recombinant sEH protein sample are also included on theblot. Immunoreactive proteins were detected by chemiluminescence. Theblots are representative of the results from three to sixanimals/experimental group. (C) Urine was collected for 24 hr fromuntreated WKY rats (solid bars) and SHR (hatched bars). DHETs wereextracted from urine and quantified by GC-MS as described in the Methodssection. The values shown are the means±SE of four animals/strain.Significant differences between WKY and SHR are indicated (p<0.0005).

FIG. 4 shows that DCU is a potent and selective inhibitor of sEH and hasantihypertensive effects in the SHR. (A) The formation of[1-¹⁴C]11,12-(A), 8,9-(B), and 14,15-DHET (C) from [1-¹⁴C]EETs (50 μM)was measured in SHR renal S9 fractions in the presence of increasingconcentrations of DCU. The values shown are the average of twosamples/concentration, expressed as % of control. The difference betweenthe individual values was 7-33%. Control formation rates were 7193μmol/min/mg protein for 14,15-DHET, 538 μmol/min/mg protein for11,12-DHET, and 595 μmol/min/mg protein for 8,9-DHET. DCU was a potentand selective inhibitor of EET hydrolysis in vitro. (B) Urine wascollected for 24 hr following treatment of SHR with vehicle (solid bars)or DCU (hatched bars) daily for 3 days. EETs and DHETs were extractedfrom urine and quantified by GC-MS as described in the Methods section.The values shown are the means±SE of four animals/strain. Significantdifferences between vehicle- and DCU-treated SHR are indicated (p<0.05).DCU was a potent inhibitor of 14,15-EET hydrolysis in vivo. (C) Male SHRrats were treated with a single 3 mg/kg dose of DCU () or vehicle (◯).Systolic blood pressure was measured with a photoelectric tail cuff forup to 96 hr after the dose. The values shown are the mean±SE from DCU-and vehicle-treated rats (n=5/group). Baseline systolic blood pressurewas 143±3 mm Hg in the SHRs. (D) Male WKY rats were treated with asingle 3 mg/kg dose of DCU () or vehicle (◯). Systolic blood pressurewas measured with a photoelectric tail cuff for up to 96 hr after thedose. The values shown are the mean±SE from DCU- and vehicle-treatedrats (n=5/group). Baseline systolic blood pressure was and 118±2 mm Hgin the WKY rats. Blood pressure decreased an average of 22 mm Hg in theDCU-treated SHRs 6 hr after the dose (p<0.01) and was unaffected by DCUin the WKY rats.

FIG. 5 shows that a structurally related urea inhibitor of sEH also hasantihypertensive effects in the SHR. Male SHRs were treated with asingle dose of vehicle (∘) or N-cyclohexyl-N′-dodecylurea () (equimolarto 3 mg/kg DCU). Systolic blood pressure was measured with aphotoelectric tail cuff for 24 hr after the dose. The values shown arethe mean±SE from inhibitor- and vehicle-treated rats (n=5/group).Baseline systolic blood pressures were 135±5 mm Hg in theN-cyclohexyl-N′-dodecylurea group. Blood pressure decreased an averageof 12 mm Hg in the N-cyclohexyl-N′-dodecylurea-treated SHRs 6 hr afterthe dose (p<0.01).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is based on the discovery that epoxide hydrolaseactivity is associated with hypertension. The epoxyeicosatrienoic acids(EETs) are regarded as antihypertensive eicosanoids due to their potenteffects on renal vascular tone and sodium and water transport in therenal tubule. As shown here, EET activity is regulated by hydrolysis tothe corresponding dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids by epoxide hydrolase.Inhibition of EET hydrolysis in vivo with a potent and selective solubleepoxide hydrolase inhibitor leads to a decrease in blood pressure. Thus,the present invention provides a new therapeutic approach for thecontrol of blood pressure.

ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS

The abbreviations used herein have their conventional meaning within thechemical and biological arts.

The term “alkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means,unless otherwise stated, a straight or branched chain, or cyclichydrocarbon radical, or combination thereof, which may be fullysaturated, mono- or polyunsaturated and can include di- and multivalentradicals, having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e. C₁-C₁₀means one to ten carbons). Examples of saturated hydrocarbon radicalsinclude groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl,t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, cyclohexyl, (cyclohexyl)methyl,cyclopropylmethyl, homologs and isomers of, for example, n-pentyl,n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like. An unsaturated alkyl group isone having one or more double bonds or triple bonds. Examples ofunsaturated alkyl groups include vinyl, 2-propenyl, crotyl,2-isopentenyl, 2-(butadienyl), 2,4-pentadienyl, 3-(1,4-pentadienyl),ethynyl, 1- and 3-propynyl, 3-butynyl, and the higher homologs andisomers.

The term “alkylene” by itself or as part of another substituent means adivalent radical derived from an alkane, as exemplified by—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—, and further includes those groups described below as“heteroalkylene.” Typically, an alkyl (or alkylene) group will have from1 to 24 carbon atoms, with those groups having 10 or fewer carbon atomsbeing preferred in the present invention. A “lower alkyl” or “loweralkylene” is a shorter chain alkyl or alkylene group, generally havingeight or fewer carbon atoms.

The terms “cycloalkyl” and “heterocycloalkyl”, by themselves or incombination with other terms, represent, unless otherwise stated, cyclicversions of “alkyl” and “heteroalkyl”, respectively. Additionally, forheterocycloalkyl, a heteroatom can occupy the position at which theheterocycle is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Examples ofcycloalkyl include cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohexenyl,3-cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, and the like. Examples of heterocycloalkylinclude 1-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl), 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl,3-piperidinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl,tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydrothien-2-yl, tetrahydrothien-3-yl,1-piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, and the like.

The term “aryl” means, unless otherwise stated, a polyunsaturated,typically aromatic, hydrocarbon substituent which can be a single ringor multiple rings (up to three rings) which are fused together or linkedcovalently. The term “heteroaryl” refers to aryl groups (or rings) thatcontain from zero to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, whereinthe nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogenatom(s) are optionally quaternized. A heteroaryl group can be attachedto the remainder of the molecule through a heteroatom. Non-limitingexamples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include phenyl, 1-naphthyl,2-naphthyl, 4-biphenyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrazolyl,2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl,2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl,5-isoxazolyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl,2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl,4-pyrimidyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, purinyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 5-indolyl,1-isoquinolyl, 5-isoquinolyl, 2-quinoxalinyl, 5-quinoxalinyl,3-quinolyl, and 6-quinolyl. Substituents for each of the above notedaryl and heteroaryl ring systems are selected from the group ofacceptable substituents described below.

For brevity, the term “aryl” when used in combination with other terms(e.g., aryloxy, arylthioxy, arylalkyl) includes both aryl and heteroarylrings as defined above. Thus, the term “arylalkyl” is meant to includethose radicals in which an aryl group is attached to an alkyl group(e.g., benzyl, phenethyl, pyridylmethyl and the like) including thosealkyl groups in which a carbon atom (e.g., a methylene group) has beenreplaced by, for example, an oxygen atom (e.g., phenoxymethyl,2-pyridyloxymethyl, 3-(1-naphthyloxy)propyl, and the like).

Each of the above terms (e.g., “alkyl,” “heteroalkyl,” “aryl” and“heteroaryl”) are meant to include both substituted and unsubstitutedforms of the indicated radical. Preferred substituents for each type ofradical are provided below.

Substituents for the alkyl and heteroalkyl radicals (including thosegroups often referred to as alkylene, alkenyl, heteroalkylene,heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, andheterocycloalkenyl) can be a variety of groups selected from: —OR′, ═O,═NR′, ═N—OR′, —NR′R″, —SR′, -halogen, —SiR′R″R″′, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′,—CO₂R′, —CONR′R″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NR″C(O)R′, —NR′—C(O)NR″R″′, —NR″C(O)₂R′,—NH—C(NH₂)═NH, —NR′C(NH₂)═NH, —NH—C(NH₂)═NR′, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′,—S(O)₂NR′R″, —CN and —NO₂ in a number ranging from zero to (2 m′+1),where m′ is the total number of carbon atoms in such radical. R′, R″ andR″′ each independently refer to hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₈)alkyl andheteroalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, aryl substituted with 1-3 halogens,unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy groups, or aryl-(C₁-C₄)alkylgroups. When R′ and R″ are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they canbe combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring.For example, —NR′R″ is meant to include 1-pyrrolidinyl and4-morpholinyl. From the above discussion of substituents, one of skillin the art will understand that the term “alkyl” is meant to includegroups such as haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃ and —CH₂CF₃) and acyl (e.g.,—C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CF₃, —C(O)CH₂OCH₃, and the like).

Similarly, substituents for the aryl and heteroaryl groups are variedand are selected from: -halogen, —OR′, —OC(O)R′, —NR′R″, —SR′, —R′, —CN,—NO₂, —CO₂R′, —CONR′R″, —C(O)R′, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NR″C(O)R′, —NR″C(O)₂R′,—NR′—C(O)NR″R″′, —NH—C(NH₂)═NH, —NR′C(NH₂)═NH, —NH—C(NH₂)═NR′, —S(O)R′,—S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″, —N₃, —CH(Ph)₂, perfluoro(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, andperfluoro(C₁-C₄)alkyl, in a number ranging from zero to the total numberof open valences on the aromatic ring system; and where R′, R″ and R″′are independently selected from hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl and heteroalkyl,unsubstituted aryl and heteroaryl, (unsubstituted aryl)-(C₁-C₄)alkyl,and (unsubstituted aryl)oxy-(C₁-C₄)alkyl.

Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ringmay optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula-T-C(O)—(CH₂)_(q)—U—, wherein T and U are independently —NH—, —O—, —CH₂—or a single bond, and q is an integer of from 0 to 2. Alternatively, twoof the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring mayoptionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula-A-(CH₂)_(r)—B—, wherein A and B are independently —CH₂—, —O—, —NH—,—S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR′— or a single bond, and r is an integerof from 1 to 3. One of the single bonds of the new ring so formed mayoptionally be replaced with a double bond. Alternatively, two of thesubstituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring mayoptionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula—(CH₂)_(s)—X—(CH₂)_(t)—, where s and t are independently integers offrom 0 to 3, and X is —O—, —NR′—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —S(O)₂NR′—.The substituent R′ in —NR′— and —S(O)₂NR′— is selected from hydrogen orunsubstituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl.

The terms “halo” or “halogen,” by themselves or as part of anothersubstituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine,bromine, or iodine atom. Additionally, terms such as “haloalkyl,” aremeant to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl. For example, the term“halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl” is mean to include trifluoromethyl,2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 3-bromopropyl, and the like.

As used herein, the term “heteroatom” is meant to include oxygen (O),nitrogen (N), Boron (B), phosphorous (P) and sulfur (S).

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” is meant to include saltsof the active compounds which are prepared with relatively nontoxicacids or bases, depending on the particular substituents found on thecompounds described herein. When compounds of the present inventioncontain relatively acidic functionalities, base addition salts can beobtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with asufficient amount of the desired base, either neat or in a suitableinert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable base additionsalts include sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, organic amino, ormagnesium salt, or a similar salt. When compounds of the presentinvention contain relatively basic functionalities, acid addition saltscan be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with asufficient amount of the desired acid, either neat or in a suitableinert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid additionsalts include those derived from inorganic acids like hydrochloric,hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic, monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric,monohydrogenphosphoric, dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric,monohydrogensulfuric, hydriodic, or phosphorous acids and the like, aswell as the salts derived from relatively nontoxic organic acids likeacetic, propionic, isobutyric, maleic, malonic, benzoic, succinic,suberic, fumaric, lactic, mandelic, phthalic, benzenesulfonic,p-tolylsulfonic, citric, tartaric, methanesulfonic, and the like. Alsoincluded are salts of amino acids such as arginate and the like, andsalts of organic acids like glucuronic or galactunoric acids and thelike (see, for example, Berge, S. M., et al, “Pharmaceutical Salts”,Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 1977, 66, 1-19). Certain specificcompounds of the present invention contain both basic and acidicfunctionalities that allow the compounds to be converted into eitherbase or acid addition salts.

The neutral forms of the compounds may be regenerated by contacting thesalt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in theconventional manner. The parent form of the compound differs from thevarious salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility inpolar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to the parentform of the compound for the purposes of the present invention.

In addition to salt forms, the present invention provides compoundswhich are in a prodrug form. Prodrugs of the compounds described hereinare those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes underphysiological conditions to provide the compounds of the presentinvention. Additionally, prodrugs can be converted to the compounds ofthe present invention by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivoenvironment. For example, prodrugs can be slowly converted to thecompounds of the present invention when placed in a transdermal patchreservoir with a suitable enzyme or chemical reagent.

Certain compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated formsas well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, thesolvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are intended to beencompassed within the scope of the present invention. Certain compoundsof the present invention may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphousforms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the usescontemplated by the present invention and are intended to be within thescope of the present invention.

Certain compounds of the present invention possess asymmetric carbonatoms (optical centers) or double bonds; the racemates, diastereomers,geometric isomers and individual isomers are all intended to beencompassed within the scope of the present invention.

Inhibitors of Epoxide Hydrolases

As noted above, a preferred class of inhibitors of the invention arecompounds shown by Formulas 1 and 2, above. Means for preparing suchcompounds and assaying desired compounds for the ability to inhibitepoxide hydrolases is described in the parent application, U.S. Ser. No.09/252,148. Compounds of Formula 2 are described in 5,955,496 and inWO98/06261.

In addition to the compounds in Formula 1 which interact with the enzymein a reversible fashion based on the inhibitor mimicking anenzyme-substrate transition state or reaction intermediate, one can havecompounds that are irreversible inhibitors of the enzyme. The activestructures such as those in the Tables or Formula 1 can direct theinhibitor to the enzyme where a reactive functionality in the enzymecatalytic site can form a covalent bond with the inhibitor. One group ofmolecules which could interact like this would have a leaving group suchas a halogen or tosylate which could be attacked in an S_(N)2 mannerwith a lysine or histidine. Alternatively, the reactive functionalitycould be an epoxide or Michael acceptor such as a α/β-unsaturated ester,aldehyde, ketone, ester, or nitrile.

Further, in addition to the Formula 1 compounds, active derivatives canbe designed for practicing the invention. For example, dicyclohexyl thiourea can be oxidized to dicyclohexylcarbodiimide which, with enzyme oraqueous acid (physiological saline), will form an activedicyclohexylurea. Alternatively, the acidic protons on carbamates orureas can be replaced with a variety of substituents which, uponoxidation, hydrolysis or attack by a nucleophile such as glutathione,will yield the corresponding parent structure. These materials are knownas prodrugs or protoxins (Gilman et al., The Pharmacological Basis ofTherapeutics, 7^(th) Edition, MacMillan Publishing Company, New York, p.16 (1985)) Esters, for example, are common prodrugs which are releasedto give the corresponding alcohols and acids enzymatically (Yoshigae etal., Chirality, 9:661-666 (1997)). The prodrugs can be chiral forgreater specificity. These derivatives have been extensively used inmedicinal and agricultural chemistry to alter the pharmacologicalproperties of the compounds such as enhancing water solubility,improving formulation chemistry, altering tissue targeting, alteringvolume of distribution, and altering penetration. They also have beenused to alter toxicology profiles.

There are many prodrugs possible, but replacement of one or both of thetwo active hydrogens in the ureas described here or the single activehydrogen present in carbamates is particularly attractive. Suchderivatives have been extensively described by Fukuto and associates.These derivatives have been extensively described and are commonly usedin agricultural and medicinal chemistry to alter the pharmacologicalproperties of the compounds. (Black et al., Journal of Agricultural andFood Chemistry, 21(5):747-751 (1973); Fahmy et al, Journal ofAgricultural and Food Chemistry, 26(3):550-556 (1978); Jojima et al.,Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 31(3):613-620 (1983); andFahmy et al., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 29(3):567-572(1981).)

Such active proinhibitor derivatives are within the scope of the presentinvention, and the just-cited references are incorporated herein byreference. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that suitableinhibitors of the invention mimic the enzyme transition state so thatthere is a stable interaction with the enzyme catalytic site. Theinhibitors appear to form hydrogen bonds with the nucleophiliccarboxylic acid and a polarizing tyrosine of the catalytic site.

Where the modified activity of the complexed epoxide hydrolase is enzymeinhibition, then particularly preferred compound embodiments have anIC₅₀ (inhibition potency or, by definition, the concentration ofinhibitor which reduces enzyme activity by 50%) of less than about 500μM.

Although the preferred inhibitors of the invention specifically inhibitthe activity of sEH, some inhibitors of the invention can be used toinhibit the activity of microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH). Themicosomal enzyme play a significant role in the metabolism ofxenobiotics such as polyaromatic toxicants. Additionally, polymorphismstudies have underlined a potential role of this enzyme in relation toseveral diseases, such as emphysema, spontaneous abortion and severalforms of cancer. Inhibition of recombinant rat and human mEH can beobtained using primary ureas, amides, and amines. For example,elaidamide, has a K_(i) of 70 nM for recombinant rat mEH. This compoundinteracts with the enzyme forming a non-covalent complex, and blockssubstrate turnover through an apparent mix of competitive andnon-competitive inhibition kinetics. Furthermore, in insect cell cultureexpressing rat mEH, elaidamide enhances the toxicity effects ofepoxide-containing xenobiotics.

Assays for Epoxide Hydrolase Activity

The invention also provide methods for assaying for epoxide hydrolaseactivity as diagnostic assay to identify individuals at increased riskfor hypertension and/or those that would benefit from the therapeuticmethods of the invention. Any of a number of standard assays fordetermining epoxide hydrolase activity can be used. For example,suitable assays are described in Gill, et al., Anal Biochem 131, 273-282(1983); and Borhan, et al., Analytical Biochemistry 231, 188-200(1995)). Suitable in vitro assays are described in Zeldin et al. J Biol.Chem. 268:6402-6407 (1993). Suitable in vivo assays are described inZeldin et al. Arch Biochem Biophys 330:87-96 (1996). Assays for epoxidehydrolase using both putative natural substrates and surrogatesubstrates have been reviewed (see, Hammock, et al. In: Methods inEnzymology, Volume III, Steroids and Isoprenoids, Part B, (Law, J. H.and H. C. Rilling, eds. 1985), Academic Press, Orlando, Fla., pp.303-311 and Wixtrom et al., In: Biochemical Pharmacology and Toxicology,Vol. 1: Methodological Aspects of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes, (Zakim, D.and D. A. Vessey, eds. 1985), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp.1-93. Several spectral based assays exist based on the reactivity ortendency of the resulting diol product to hydrogen bond (see, e.g.,Wixtrom, and Hammock. Anal. Biochem. 174:291-299 (1985) and Dietze, etal. Anal. Biochem. 216:176-187 (1994)).

The enzyme also can be detected based on the binding of specific ligandsto the catalytic site which either immobilize the enzyme or label itwith a probe such as luciferase, green fluorescent protein or otherreagent. For the data in this disclosure the enzyme was assayed by itshydration of EETs, its hydrolysis of an epoxide to give a coloredproduct as described by Dietze et al. (1994) or its hydrolysis of aradioactive surrogate substrate (Borhan et al., 1995)

The assays of the invention are carried out using an appropriate samplefrom the patient. Typically, such a sample is a blood sample.

Other Means of Inhibiting EH Activity

Other means of inhibiting EH activity or gene expression can also beused. For example, a nucleic acid molecule complementary to at least aportion of the human EH gene can be used to inhibit EH gene expression.Means for inhibiting gene expression using, for example, antisensemolecules, ribozymes, and the like are well known to those of skill inthe art. The nucleic acid molecule can be a DNA probe, a riboprobe, apeptide nucleic acid probe, a phosphorothioate probe, or a 2′-O methylprobe.

Generally, to assure specific hybridization, the antisense sequence issubstantially complementary to the target sequence. In certainembodiments, the antisense sequence is exactly complementary to thetarget sequence. The antisense polynucleotides may also include,however, nucleotide substitutions, additions, deletions, transitions,transpositions, or modifications, or other nucleic acid sequences ornon-nucleic acid moieties so long as specific binding to the relevanttarget sequence corresponding to the EH gene is retained as a functionalproperty of the polynucleotide. As one embodiment of the antisensemolecules form a triple helix-containing, or “triplex” nucleic acid.Triple helix formation results in inhibition of gene expression by, forexample, preventing transcription of the target gene (see, e.g., Chenget al., 1988, J. Biol. Chem. 263:15110; Perrin and Camerini-Otero, 1991,Science 354:1494; Ramdas et al., 1989, J. Biol. Chem. 264:17395; Strobelet al., 1991, Science 254:1639; and Riga's et al., 1986, Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83:9591)

In another embodiment, ribozymes can be used (see, e.g., Cech, 1995,Biotechnology 13:323; and Edgington, 1992, Biotechnology 10:256 and Huet al., PCT Publication WO 94/03596).

The antisense nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, modified, analogues, and thelike) can be made using any suitable method for producing a nucleicacid, such as the chemical synthesis and recombinant methods disclosedherein and known to one of skill in the art. In one embodiment, forexample, antisense RNA molecules of the invention may be prepared by denovo chemical synthesis or by cloning. For example, an antisense RNA canbe made by inserting (ligating) an EH gene sequence in, reverseorientation operably linked to a promoter in a vector (e.g., plasmid).Provided that the promoter and, preferably termination andpolyadenylation signals, are properly positioned, the strand of theinserted sequence corresponding to the noncoding strand will betranscribed and act as an antisense oligonucleotide of the invention.

It will be appreciated that the oligonucleotides can be made usingnonstandard bases (e.g., other than adenine, cytidine, guanine, thymine,and uridine) or nonstandard backbone structures to provides desirableproperties (e.g., increased nuclease-resistance, tighter-binding,stability or a desired T_(m)). Techniques for rendering oligonucleotidesnuclease-resistant include those described in PCT Publication WO94/12633. A wide variety of useful modified oligonucleotides may beproduced, including oligonucleotides having a peptide-nucleic acid (PNA)backbone (Nielsen et al., 1991, Science 254:1497) or incorporating2′-O-methyl ribonucleotides, phosphorothioate nucleotides, methylphosphonate nucleotides, phosphotriester nucleotides, phosphorothioatenucleotides, phosphoramidates.

Proteins have been described that have the ability to translocatedesired nucleic acids across a cell membrane. Typically, such proteinshave amphiphilic or hydrophobic subsequences that have the ability toact as membrane-translocating carriers. For example, homeodomainproteins have the ability to translocate across cell membranes. Theshortest internalizable peptide of a homeodomain protein, Antennapedia,was found to be the third helix of the protein, from amino acid position43 to 58 (see, e.g., Prochiantz, 1996, Current Opinion in Neurobiology6:629-634. Another subsequence, the h (hydrophobic) domain of signalpeptides, was found to have similar cell membrane translocationcharacteristics (see, e.g., Lin et al., 1995, J. Biol. Chem.270:14255-14258). Such subsequences can be used to translocateoligonucleotides across a cell membrane. Oligonucleotides can beconveniently derivatized with such sequences. For example, a linker canbe used to link the oligonucleotides and the translocation sequence. Anysuitable linker can be used, e.g., a peptide linker or any othersuitable chemical linker.

Therapeutic Administration

The compounds of the present invention can be prepared and administeredin a wide variety of oral, parenteral and topical dosage forms. Thus,the compounds of the present invention can be administered by injection,that is, intravenously, intramuscularly, intracutaneously,subcutaneously, intraduodenally, or intraperitoneally. Also, thecompounds described herein can be administered by inhalation, forexample, intranasally. Additionally, the compounds of the presentinvention can be administered transdermally. Accordingly, the presentinvention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient and either a compoundof the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound.

For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from the compounds of thepresent invention, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be eithersolid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets,pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules. Asolid carrier can be one or more substances which may also act asdiluents, flavoring agents, binders, preservatives, tabletdisintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material.

In powders, the carrier is a finely divided solid which is in a mixturewith the finely divided active component. In tablets, the activecomponent is mixed with the carrier having the necessary bindingproperties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and sizedesired.

The powders and tablets preferably contain from 5% or 10% to 70% of theactive compound. Suitable carriers are magnesium carbonate, magnesiumstearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin,tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a lowmelting wax, cocoa butter, and the like. The term “preparation” isintended to include the formulation of the active compound withencapsulating material as a carrier providing a capsule in which theactive component with or without other carriers, is surrounded by acarrier, which is thus in association with it. Similarly, cachets andlozenges are, included. Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, cachets, andlozenges can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oraladministration.

For preparing suppositories, a low melting wax, such as a mixture offatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter, is first melted and the activecomponent is dispersed homogeneously therein, as by stirring. The moltenhomogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowedto cool, and thereby to solidify.

Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions,for example, water or water/propylene glycol solutions. For parenteralinjection, liquid preparations can be formulated in solution in aqueouspolyethylene glycol solution.

Aqueous solutions suitable for oral use can be prepared by dissolvingthe active component in water and adding suitable colorants, flavors,stabilizers, and thickening agents as desired. Aqueous suspensionssuitable for oral use can be made by dispersing the finely dividedactive component in water with viscous material, such as natural orsynthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose,and other well-known suspending agents.

Also included are solid form preparations which are intended to beconverted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for oraladministration. Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, andemulsions. These preparations may contain, in addition to the activecomponent, colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial andnatural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, andthe like.

The pharmaceutical preparation is preferably in unit dosage form. Insuch form the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containingappropriate quantities of the active component. The unit dosage form canbe a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities ofpreparation, such as packeted tablets, capsules, and powders in vials orampoules. Also, the unit dosage form can be a capsule, tablet, cachet,or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of thesein packaged form.

The term “unit dosage form”, as used in the specification, refers tophysically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjectsand animals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of activematerial calculated to produce the desired pharmaceutical effect inassociation with the required pharmaceutical diluent, carrier orvehicle. The specifications for the novel unit dosage forms of thisinvention are dictated by and directly dependent on (a) the uniquecharacteristics of the active material and the particular effect to beachieved and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compounding suchan active material for use in humans and animals, as disclosed in detailin this specification, these being features of the present invention.

A therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of the invention isemployed in treatment. The dosage of the specific compound for treatmentdepends on many factors that are well known to those skilled in the art.They include for example, the route of administration and the potency ofthe particular compound. An exemplary dose is from about 0.001 μM/kg toabout 100 mg/kg body weight of the mammal. Without further elaboration,it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the precedingdescription, practice the present invention to its fullest extent. Thefollowing detailed examples describe how to prepare the variouscompounds and/or perform the various processes of the invention and areto be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitations of thepreceding disclosure in any way whatsoever. Those skilled in the artwill promptly recognize appropriate variations from the procedures bothas to reactants and as to reaction conditions and techniques.

Example

This example shows that inhibitors of epoxide hydrolase are effective indecreasing blood pressure in mammals.

Methods

Animals. Male SHR and WKY rats 3-13 wks of age were purchased fromCharles River Laboratories (Wilmington, Mass.) and housed in acontrolled environment with 12 hr light/dark cycles and fed standardlaboratory chow for □ 3 days before euthanasia. All animal use wasapproved by the University of California San Francisco Committee onAnimal Research and followed the National Institutes of Healthguidenlines for the care and use of laboratory animals. For isolation ofkidney subcellular fractions, rats were anesthetized withmethoxyflurane, the abdominal cavities were opened, and the kidneys wereperfused with ice-cold saline. Perfused kidneys were rapidly removed,the cortex and medulla dissected out and immersed in liquid nitrogen.All tissue was stored at −80° C. until preparation of microsomes. Insome cases WKY and SHR rats were housed in metabolic cages for up tothree days and urine was collected over triphenylphosphine in 24 hrintervals. The urine volume was noted and aliquots were stored at −80°C. prior to extraction and quantitation of DHETs and EETs. For the sEHinhibition studies, groups of 8 wk old male SHRs and WKY rats weretreated daily for 1-4 days with a 3 mg/kg i.p. dose ofN,N′-dicyclohexylurea (DCU) in a 1.5:1 mixture of corn oil and DMSO.Systolic blood pressure was measured at room temperature by aphotoelectric tail cuff system (Model 179, IITC, Inc., Woodland Hills,Calif.) for up to four days following the dose of inhibitor. Bloodpressures are reported as the average of three separate readings over a30 min period. Urine was collected for 24 hr immediately following adose of DCU or vehicle for quantification of DHET and EET excretion.Similar inhibition studies were carried out with equimolar doses ofN-cyclohexyl-N′-dodecylurea, N-cyclohexyl-N′-ethylurea and dodecylamine.

Renal microsomal arachidonic acid metabolism. Microsomes, cytosol, andS9 fractions were prepared from the renal cortex or outer medullasamples from a single animal as described previously (Kroetz, D. L. etal. Mol Pharmacol 52, 362-372 (1997), Su, P. et al. Am J Physiol 275,R426-438 (1998)). Reaction conditions for the in vitro determination ofarachidonic acid epoxygenase activity, metabolite extraction and HPLCanalysis were described in detail elsewhere (Su, P. et al. Am J Physiol275, R426-438 (1998)).

Western immunoblotting. Renal and hepatic microsomes and cytosol (4 to10 □g) were separated on a 8% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide geland transferred to nitrocellulose in 25 mM Tris/192 mM glycine/20%methanol using a semidry transfer system (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.). Theprimary antibody used in these studies was a rabbit anti-mouse sEHantisera (Silva, M. H. et al. Comp. Biochem Physiol B: Comp Biochem 87,95-102 (1987)). Western blots were incubated with a 1:2000 fold dilutionof the primary antibody followed by a 1:2000-fold dilution ofhorseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. Immunoreactiveproteins were visualized using an ECL detection kit (Amersham LifeScience, Arlington Heights, Ill.).

EET hydrolysis. Racemic [1-14C]EETs were synthesized and purifiedaccording to published methods from [1-14C]arachidonic acid (56-57μCi/μmole) by nonselective epoxidation (Falck, J. R. et al., MethEnzymol 187, 357-364 (1990)). Hydrolysis of [1-14C]EETs was measured inWKY and SHR renal S9 fractions at 37° C. as described previously(Zeldin, D. C. et al. J Biol Chem 268, 6402-6407 (1993)). The reactionmixture consisted of 50 □M EET (0.045-0.09 □Ci) and 1 mg/ml S9 protein(0.5 mg/ml SHR S9 protein for 14,15-EET hydrolysis) in 150 mM KCl, 10 mMMgCl₂, 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.4. Reactions were carriedout for 40 min (10 min for 14,15-EET hydrolysis in SHR samples) and thereaction products were extracted into ethyl acetate, evaporated under ablanket of nitrogen and detected by reverse phase HPLC with radiometricdetection as described for the arachidonic acid incubations.

DHET urinary excretion. Urinary creatinine concentrations were measuredby the Medical Center Clinical Laboratories at the University ofCalifornia San Francisco. Methods used to quantify endogenous EETs andDHETs present in rat urine were similar to those described by Capdevilaet al. (Capdevila, J. H. et al. J Biol Chem 267, 21720-21726 (1992)).DHET and [1-14C]DHET internal standards were prepared by chemicalhydration of EETs and [1-14C]EETs as described (Zeldin, D. C. et al. JBiol Chem 268, 6402-6407 (1993)). All synthetic EETs and DHETs werepurified by reverse-phase HPLC. EET quantifications were made by GC/MSanalysis of their pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) esters with selected ionmonitoring at m/z 319 (loss of PFB from endogenous EET-PFB) and m/z 321(loss of PFB from [1-14C]EET-PFB internal standard). TheEET-PFB/[1-14C]EET-PFB ratios were calculated from the integrated valuesof the corresponding ion current intensities. Quantifications of DHETswere made from GC/MS analysis of their PFB esters, trimethylsilyl (TMS)ethers with selected ion monitoring at m/z 481 (loss of PFB fromendogenous DHET-PFB-TMS) and m/z 483 (loss of PFB from[1-14C]DHET-PFB-TMS internal standard). TheDHET-PFB-TMS/[1-14C]DHET-PFB-TMS ratios were calculated from theintegrated values of the corresponding ion current intensities. Datawere normalized for kidney function by expressing per mg creatinine.Control studies demonstrated that under the conditions used, artifactualEET or DHET formation was negligible.

Other enzyme assays. Activities of microsomal and soluble EH weredetermined in liver and kidney samples according to previously publishedprotocols (Gill, S. S. et al., Anal Biochem 131, 273-282 (1983); Borhan,B., et al., Anal Biochem 231, 188-200 (1995)). Inhibition of recombinantsoluble EH by DCU was described recently (Morisseau, C., et al. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 8849-8854, (1999)). Epoxide hydrolaseactivities are reported as the transdiol formation rates.

Statistics. Statistical significance of differences between mean valueswas evaluated by a one-way analysis of variance or a Student's t-test.Significance was set at a p value of <0.05.

Results

The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is a well accepted experimentalmodel of essential hypertension and was used in the present study tocharacterize the contribution of EET hydrolysis to the elevated bloodpressure in these animals. Renal transplantation studies support a rolefor the kidneys in the development of hypertension in the SHR andaltered renal function is essential for the development and maintenanceof elevated blood pressure (Bianchi, G. et al., Clin Sci Mol Med 47,435-448 (1974); Cowley, A. W. et al., JAMA 275, 1581-1589 (1996)).Arachidonic acid metabolism was measured in renal cortical microsomes ofSHR and WKY rats and a dramatic increase in DHET formation was observedin the SHR relative to the WKY samples (FIG. 1). The formation of 11,12-and 8,9-DHET was measurable in both strains and was 2- to 8-fold higherin the SHR relative to the WKY rat throughout their development (FIGS.1A and 1B). Interestingly, 14,15-DHET formation was readily detected inthe 3-13 wk old SHR kidneys but could not be measured in the majority ofthe WKY samples (FIG. 1C). In the several instances where 14,15-DHETformation was detectable in the WKY kidneys it was never greater than17% of the corresponding value in SHR. Calculation of the percentage ofEETs that were converted to the corresponding DHETs revealed a largediscrepancy between the WKY and SHR strains. In the WKY renal microsomes32±3.1% of the EETs were converted to DHETs, while the DHET recovery was66±2.1% in the SHR renal microsomes (p<0.00001).

A dramatic increase in DHET formation in incubations of arachidonic acidwith SHR renal cortical microsomes relative to the WKY samples (FIG. 1)led us to hypothesize that EET hydrolysis may be altered in thisexperimental model of hypertension and that epoxide hydrolase activitymay be an important determinant of blood pressure regulation. Two majorEH isoforms, a microsomal (mEH) and soluble (sEH) form are expressed inmost tissues and species (Vogel-Bindel, U. et al., Eur J Biochem 126,425-431 (1982); Kaur, S. et al., Drug Metab Disp 13, 711-715 (1985)).EET hydrolysis rates in cytosol and microsomes and the regioisomericproduct distribution in urine relative to recombinant EH proteins areconsistent with the majority of EET hydrolysis being catalyzed by sEH(Zeldin, D. C. et al., J Biol Chem 268, 6402-6407, (1993)). Directhydrolysis of the regioisomeric EETs was measured in S9 fractions(containing both the soluble and microsomal forms of EH) from WKY andSHR renal cortex. There was measurable hydrolysis of 8,9-, 11,12- and14,15-EET in S9 fractions from both WKY and SHR kidneys (FIG. 2), with asignificant increase in hydrolysis in the SHR relative to the WKY. Forexample, 8,9- and 11,12-EET hydrolysis rates were 5- to 15-fold higherin the SHR compared to the WKY and 14,15-EET hydrolysis was as much as54-fold higher in the SHR. These data also showed a distinct preferenceof sEH for the 14,15-EET regioisomer. In the SHR kidney hydrolysis of14,15-EET was 10-fold higher than that of 8,9- and 11,12-EET.

To investigate the possibility that altered EH expression is responsiblefor the differences in EET hydrolysis in the SHR and WKY rat renalmicrosomes and S9 fractions, we measured EH protein levels in thesesamples. mEH was abundantly expressed in the renal microsomes atrelatively constant levels throughout development and there was noevidence of altered expression of mEH in the SHR kidney (FIG. 3A). Thesoluble EH isoform was also easily detected in SHR cortical microsomesbut not in the corresponding WKY samples (FIG. 3A). Quantitation of theimmunoreactive protein bands indicated that levels of sEH protein in theSHR microsomes were 6- to 90-fold higher than the corresponding levelsin the WKY microsomes. The high levels of expression of sEH in the SHRmicrosomes were limited to the renal cortex (FIG. 3B). ImmunodetectablesEH was barely detectable in SHR outer medulla and liver microsomes byWestern blot. Relatively high levels of sEH were detected in SHR cortex,outer medulla and liver cytosol (FIG. 3B). In the WKY rats, the level ofsEH protein was uniformly low in both microsomes and cytosol from thekidney and liver. Importantly, sEH protein in the normotensiveSprague-Dawley rat kidney was also barely detectable. Increased sEHexpression in SI-IR vs. WKY rats provides an explanation for theincreased EET hydrolysis in the SHR kidney and the absence or very lowlevels of 14,15-EET hydrolysis, the preferred sEH substrate (Zeldin, D.C., et al., J Biol Chem 268, 6402-6407 (1993)), in the WKY kidney.

Increased sEH activity in the SHR kidney was independently confirmedusing the sEH substrate trans-1,3-diphenylpropene oxide (tDPPO). Therewas a 26-fold increase in tDPPO hydrolysis in the SHR cortical cytosolrelative to that of the WKY rat cortical cytosol (Table 2). Thecorresponding difference in the microsomal fraction was 32-fold.Hydrolysis of tDPPO was also significantly higher in SHR vs. WKY ratliver microsomes and cytosol. Consistent with the Western blots, sEHactivity was easily detectable in the SHR microsomes and very low in theWKY cytosol and microsomes from kidney. In contrast, mEH activity, asmeasured by cSO hydrolysis, was similar in WKY and SHR cortex and liver(Table 2).

Urinary excretion of DHETs was measured to evaluate whether increasedsEH expression and EET hydrolysis in the SHR was also apparent in vivo.Urine was collected in untreated 4 and 8 wk old SHR and WKY rats andtheir DHET excretion rates are shown in FIG. 3C. The excretion rateswere similar for the 4 and 8 wk animals and the reported numbers areaverages from all samples of a given strain. The excretion of 14,15-DHETwas 2.6-fold higher in the SI-IR relative to the WKY rat, consistentwith the increased EET hydrolysis and sEH expression in SHR kidney. Incontrast, the 8,9- and 11,12-DHET urinary excretion in the SHR and WKYrats were comparable.

A tight binding sEH specific inhibitor, dicyclohexylurea (DCU)(Morisseau, C. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96, 8849-8854 (1999)), wasused to reduce sEH activity in vivo and to determine the effect ofdecreased EET hydrolysis on blood pressure. Inhibition of EET hydrolysisby DCU was confirmed in incubations of renal S9 fractions with theregioisomeric EETs (FIG. 4A). A dose-dependent inhibition of EEThydrolysis by DCU was apparent for all three regioisomers. DCU had themost significant effect on the hydrolysis of 8,9-EET, inhibiting thisreaction with an IC50 of 0.086±0.014 □M. The corresponding IC50 valuesfor inhibition of 11,12- and 14,15-EET hydrolysis were 0.54±0.08 □M and0.45±0.16 □M, respectively. At concentrations up to 25 □M, DCU had noeffect on CYP epoxygenase or □-hydroxylase activity and previous studiesfrom our laboratory have shown that DCU does not inhibit mEH (Morisseau,C. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96, 8849-8854 (1999)). The potentinhibition of sEH by DCU was confirmed with purified recombinant ratsEH. DCU inhibited sEH-catalyzed tDPPO hydrolysis with a Ki of 34 nM.This is comparable to the Ki values for DCU with human (30 nM) andmurine (26 nM) sEH (Morisseau, C. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96,8849-8854 (1999)).

DCU was administered to eight wk old SHRs daily for four days andurinary DHET excretion was measured during the 24 hr period immediatelyfollowing the third dose. The dose of DCU was based on in vitroestimates of inhibitory potency and previous studies in the mouse(Morisseau, C. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96, 8849-8854 (1999). Inthe DCU-treated rats there was a significant 65% decrease in 14,15-DHETurinary excretion and a corresponding 30% increase in 14,15-EET urinaryexcretion relative to vehicle-treated controls (FIG. 4B), consistentwith DCU-mediated inhibition of sEH in vivo. The excretion of totalepoxygenase-derived products (EETs and DHETs) was decreased from 2020pg/mg creatinine in the vehicle-treated animals to 1237 pg/mg creatininein the DCU-treated rats (p<0.05). This inhibition of 14,15-DHETexcretion was accompanied by a significant decrease in blood pressuremeasured in conscious animals three to five hr after the fourth dose.Systolic blood pressure decreased from 128±5 mm Hg in thevehicle-treated rats to 102±5 mm Hg (p<0.01) in the DCU-treated animals.

A study of the time course of the effect of a single dose of DCU (3mg/kg) demonstrated that the antihypertensive effect in the SHR wasacute (FIG. 4C). Blood pressure was decreased 22±4 mm Hg 6 hr after DCUtreatment (p<0.01) and returned to baseline levels by 24 hr after thedose. Importantly, there was no effect of DCU on blood pressure in theWKY (FIG. 4D). This is consistent with the very low levels of sEHprotein in the WKY kidney. Several additional structurally relatedinhibitors were also studied in the SHR. N-cyclohexyl-N′-dodecylurea isa sEH inhibitor with similar potency to DCU (IC50 with mousesEH=0.05±0.01 compared to 0.09±0.01 □M for DCU; unpublished data, C.Morisseau and B. Hammock, 2000). A single dose ofN-cyclohexyl-N′-dodecylurea significantly decreased systolic bloodpressure 12±2 mm Hg 6 hr after the dose, and similar to DCU, bloodpressure returned to normal by 24 hours after the dose (FIG. 5). TheN-cyclohexyl-N′-ethylurea analog is a weak sEH inhibitor (IC50 withmouse sEH=51.7±0.7 □M; unpublished data, C. Morisseau and B. Hammock,2000) and had no effect on blood pressure in the SHR. Likewise, theselective mEH inhibitor dodecylamine also had no effect on bloodpressure. Collectively, these data suggest that the effect of DCU andN-cyclohexyl-N′-dodecylurea on blood pressure is related to theirability to inhibit sEH and EET hydrolysis in vivo.

Discussion

The EET eicosanoids are recognized as important mediators of vasculartone and renal tubular sodium and water transport (Makita, K. et al.,FASEB J 10, 1456-1463 (1996)). These data provide substantial evidencein support of the protective role of the EETs. The potential protectiveeffects of increased EET formation in the SHR kidney are attenuated byan even greater increase in FET hydrolysis. Increased expression of sEHin the SHR kidney results in increased EET hydrolysis in vitro and invivo and therefore lower levels of the antihypertensive EETs. Incontrast, inhibition of EET hydrolysis in vivo is associated withelevated EET levels and a reduction in blood pressure. Importantly, thisprovides a common link between the pathophysiological regulation ofblood pressure in rats and humans (Catella, F. et al., Proc Natl AcadSci USA 87, 5893-5897 (1990)). The 8,9-DHET regioisomer is easilydetected in the urine of healthy women while excretion of 14,15- and11,12-DHET is minimal in this population. For all three isomers DHETexcretion is increased during a normal pregnancy and duringpregnancy-induced hypertension 14,15- and 11,12-DHET excretion increasedeven further. This was most dramatic for 14,15-EET, the preferredsubstrate for sEH (Zeldin, D. G. et al., J Biol Chem 268, 6402-6407(1993)). The excretion of 14,15-DHET increased from a median of 85 pg/mgof creatinine during normal pregnancy to 2781 pg/mg of creatinine inwomen with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Pharmacokinetic evidence isconsistent with a renal origin of the urinary DHETs (Catella, F. et al.,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87, 5893-5897 (1990)) so altered EET and DHETlevels could potentially affect tubular ion transport and/or renalvascular tone. The present results in the SHR support the possibilitythat sEH expression is altered in women with pregnancy inducedhypertension.

Inhibition of EET hydrolysis is a new therapeutic approach to regulatingrenal eicosanoid formation. Recently, inhibition of arachidonic acidω-hydroxylase activity with a mechanism-based CYP inhibitor has beenshown to effectively lower blood pressure in the SHR (Su, P. et al., AmJ Physiol 275, R426-438 (1998)). The approach of inhibition of EEThydrolysis in the present study produces a significantly greaterdecrease in blood pressure than the CYP inhibition strategy. Thepossibility exists of a synergistic effect of CYP4A inhibition resultingin decreased levels of the prohypertensive 20-HETE eicosanoid and sEHinhibition leading to increased levels of the antihypertensive EETs.Parallel inhibition of related enzymes is a limitation of CYPepoxygenase and co-hydroxylase inhibition but is of little concern withsEH inhibition. These findings make it of interest to fully characterizethe impact of sEH inhibition on renal tubular ion transport, vasculartone and blood pressure. The possibility of similar changes in sEHactivity in human hypertensive populations is compelling. Identificationof individuals with elevated sEH activity may prove useful in designingthe most effective antihypertensive therapy.

It is to be understood that while the invention has been described abovein conjunction with preferred specific embodiments, the description andexamples are intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of theinvention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Allpublications, sequences referred to in GenBank accession numbers,patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated byreference for all purposes.

1. A method of treating hypertension in a patient, the method comprisingadministering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of anucleic acid which inhibits epoxide hydrolase (EH) gene expression.
 2. Amethod of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid is complementary to aportion of a human gene encoding EH.
 3. A method of claim 1, wherein thenucleic acid is DNA.
 4. A method of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid isRNA.
 5. A method of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid is modified toincrease resistance to nucleases.
 6. A method of delivering a reactivefunctionality to epoxide hydrolase, said method comprising contactingsaid epoxide hydrolase with a compound selected from the groupconsisting of Formula I and of Formula II, wherein (a) compounds ofFormula I have the structure

wherein Z is oxygen or sulfur, W is carbon phosphorous or sulfur, X andY is each independently nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and X can furtherbe carbon, at least one of R₁-R₄ is hydrogen, R₂ is hydrogen when X isnitrogen but is not present when X is sulfur or oxygen, R₄ is hydrogenwhen Y is nitrogen but is not present when Y is sulfur or oxygen, R₁ andR₃ are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, acyl, or heterocyclic, and (b) compounds ofFormula II have the structure

wherein R is alkyl or aryl, the compound is trans- across the epoxidering, OX is a carbonyl (═O) or hydroxy group (OH) and R′ is a H, alkylor aryl group, and further wherein said compound of Formula I or FormulaII is derivatized with a reactive functionality.
 7. A method of claim 6,wherein the reactive functionality is an alkylating agent or a Michaelacceptor
 8. A method of claim 7, wherein the alkylating agent is ahalogen.
 9. A method of claim 7, wherein the alkylating agent is anepoxide.
 10. A method of claim 6, wherein said compound of Formula I orFormula II is derivatized with a Michael acceptor.
 11. A method of claim6, wherein said compound is a compound of Formula I.
 12. A method ofclaim 6, wherein said compound is a compound of Formula II.
 13. A methodof detecting epoxide hydrolase, said method comprising contacting saidepoxide hydrolase with a compound selected from the group consisting ofFormula I and of Formula II, wherein (a) compounds of Formula I have thestructure

wherein Z is oxygen or sulfur, W is carbon phosphorous or sulfur, X andY is each independently nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and X can furtherbe carbon, at least one of R₁-R₄ is hydrogen, R₂ is hydrogen when X isnitrogen but is not present when X is sulfur or oxygen, R₄ is hydrogenwhen Y is nitrogen but is not present when Y is sulfur or oxygen, R₁ andR₃ are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, acyl, or heterocyclic, and (b) compounds ofFormula II have the structure

wherein R is alkyl or aryl, the compound is trans- across the epoxidering, OX is a carbonyl (═O) or hydroxy group (OH) and R′ is a H, alkylor aryl group, and further wherein said compound of Formula I or FormulaII is derivatized with a fluorescent or affinity label.